Classical Languages - Latin - Resources - Paradigms: Irregular Verbs

Paradigms: Irregular Verbs

This page collects the complete tables of the irregular verbs in one place for quick lookup: sum and its compounds (possum, absum, adsum, praesum, prōsum), eō with exeō, redeō, trānseō, ferō and its compounds, volō, nōlō, mālō, and fīō. Each verb has the six tenses of the indicative, followed by the imperative, the infinitives and the participles where they exist. The subjunctive of these verbs is in section 7.

How to use this page

• Rows give the person and number: 1 sg = first person singular, 3 pl = third person plural, and so on.
• Each section begins with a reminder of which forms are regular and which depart from the pattern.
• Macrons mark long vowels. A vowel without a macron is short.
• In the perfect system of the passive and of fīō, the tables show the masculine participle (-us singular, -ī plural). A feminine subject takes -a, -ae and a neuter subject -um, -a.
• A dash means that the form does not exist.

Contents

1. Quick reference
2. The verb sum and its compounds
3. The verb eō and its compounds
4. The verb ferō and its compounds
5. The verbs volō, nōlō, mālō
6. The verb fīō
7. The subjunctive of the irregular verbs
8. Non-finite forms at a glance

Quick reference

Principal parts

Verb	Principal parts	Meaning
sum	sum, esse, fuī, futūrus	be
possum	possum, posse, potuī	be able
absum	absum, abesse, āfuī	be away
adsum	adsum, adesse, adfuī	be present
praesum	praesum, praeesse, praefuī	be in charge of
prōsum	prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī	benefit
eō	eō, īre, iī, itum	go
exeō	exeō, exīre, exiī, exitum	go out
redeō	redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum	go back
trānseō	trānseō, trānsīre, trānsiī, trānsitum	cross
ferō	ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum	bring, carry, bear
volō	volō, velle, voluī	want
nōlō	nōlō, nōlle, nōluī	be unwilling
mālō	mālō, mālle, māluī	prefer
fīō	fīō, fierī, factus sum	be made, become, happen

Irregular forms in brief

Verb	What is irregular
sum	stems es-, er-, fu-; no passive
possum	pot- before a vowel, pos- before s; no imperative
prōsum	prōd- before a vowel
eō	stems e- and ī-; -b- in the imperfect and future; perfect iī, īstī
ferō	no connecting vowel in fers, fert, fertis, ferre, fer, fertur, ferris, ferrī; three roots in the principal parts
volō, nōlō, mālō	present and infinitive; imperfect, future and perfect are regular
fīō	active form with passive meaning; perfect system from faciō

Verb sum and its compounds

Reminder: a compound of sum is conjugated like sum with a prefix. The perfect stem is fu-. possum and prōsum have special forms. The compounds have no passive and no supine.

sum, esse, fuī, futūrus be

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	sum	eram	erō	fuī	fueram	fuerō
2 sg	es	erās	eris	fuistī	fuerās	fueris
3 sg	est	erat	erit	fuit	fuerat	fuerit
1 pl	sumus	erāmus	erimus	fuimus	fuerāmus	fuerimus
2 pl	estis	erātis	eritis	fuistis	fuerātis	fueritis
3 pl	sunt	erant	erunt	fuērunt	fuerant	fuerint

• Imperative: es, este; future estō, estō, estōte, suntō.
• Infinitives: esse, fuisse, futūrus esse or fore.
• Participle: futūrus, -a, -um. There is no present participle of the simple verb.

possum, posse, potuī be able

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	possum	poteram	poterō	potuī	potueram	potuerō
2 sg	potes	poterās	poteris	potuistī	potuerās	potueris
3 sg	potest	poterat	poterit	potuit	potuerat	potuerit
1 pl	possumus	poterāmus	poterimus	potuimus	potuerāmus	potuerimus
2 pl	potestis	poterātis	poteritis	potuistis	potuerātis	potueritis
3 pl	possunt	poterant	poterunt	potuērunt	potuerant	potuerint

• Imperative: none.
• Infinitives: posse, potuisse. There is no future infinitive.
• Participle: potēns, potentis, used as an adjective (powerful).

absum, abesse, āfuī be away

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	absum	aberam	aberō	āffuī	āffueram	āffuerō
2 sg	abes	aberās	aberis	āffuistī	āffuerās	āffueris
3 sg	abest	aberat	aberit	āffuit	āffuerat	āffuerit
1 pl	absumus	aberāmus	aberimus	āffuimus	āffuerāmus	āffuerimus
2 pl	abestis	aberātis	aberitis	āffuistis	āffuerātis	āffueritis
3 pl	absunt	aberant	aberunt	āffuērunt	āffuerant	āffuerint

• Infinitives: abesse, āfuisse, āfutūrus esse.
• Participles: absēns, absentis (absent); future āfutūrus.

adsum, adesse, adfuī be present

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	adsum	aderam	aderō	adfuī	adfueram	adfuerō
2 sg	ades	aderās	aderis	adfuistī	adfuerās	adfueris
3 sg	adest	aderat	aderit	adfuit	adfuerat	adfuerit
1 pl	adsumus	aderāmus	aderimus	adfuimus	adfuerāmus	adfuerimus
2 pl	adestis	aderātis	aderitis	adfuistis	adfuerātis	adfueritis
3 pl	adsunt	aderant	aderunt	adfuērunt	adfuerant	adfuerint

• Imperative: ades, adeste.
• Infinitives: adesse, adfuisse, adfutūrus esse.

praesum, praeesse, praefuī be in charge of

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	praesum	praeeram	praeerō	praefuī	praefueram	praefuerō
2 sg	praees	praeerās	praeeris	praefuistī	praefuerās	praefueris
3 sg	praeest	praeerat	praeerit	praefuit	praefuerat	praefuerit
1 pl	praesumus	praeerāmus	praeerimus	praefuimus	praefuerāmus	praefuerimus
2 pl	praeestis	praeerātis	praeeritis	praefuistis	praefuerātis	praefueritis
3 pl	praesunt	praeerant	praeerunt	praefuērunt	praefuerant	praefuerint

• Infinitives: praeesse, praefuisse, praefutūrus esse.
• Participle: praesēns, praesentis (present, at hand).

prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī benefit

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	prōsum	prōderam	prōderō	prōfuī	prōfueram	prōfuerō
2 sg	prōdes	prōderās	prōderis	prōfuistī	prōfuerās	prōfueris
3 sg	prōdest	prōderat	prōderit	prōfuit	prōfuerat	prōfuerit
1 pl	prōsumus	prōderāmus	prōderimus	prōfuimus	prōfuerāmus	prōfuerimus
2 pl	prōdestis	prōderātis	prōderitis	prōfuistis	prōfuerātis	prōfueritis
3 pl	prōsunt	prōderant	prōderunt	prōfuērunt	prōfuerant	prōfuerint

• Infinitives: prōdesse, prōfuisse, prōfutūrus esse.

Other compounds

dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī (be lacking), intersum, interesse, interfuī (take part in), obsum, obesse, obfuī (hinder) and supersum, superesse, superfuī (survive) follow praesum.

Verb eō and its compounds

Reminder: e- stands before a, o and u, and ī- elsewhere. The imperfect and the future take -b-. The perfect stem is i-, with contracted forms in the 2nd person (īstī, īstis). The simple verb has only an impersonal passive (ītur).

eō, īre, iī, itum go

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	eō	ībam	ībō	iī	ieram	ierō
2 sg	īs	ībās	ībis	īstī	ierās	ieris
3 sg	it	ībat	ībit	iit	ierat	ierit
1 pl	īmus	ībāmus	ībimus	iimus	ierāmus	ierimus
2 pl	ītis	ībātis	ībitis	īstis	ierātis	ieritis
3 pl	eunt	ībant	ībunt	iērunt	ierant	ierint

• Imperative: ī, īte; future ītō, ītō, ītōte, euntō.
• Infinitives: īre, īsse, itūrus esse.
• Participles: iēns, euntis; future itūrus.
• Gerund: eundī, eundō, eundum, eundō. Supine: itum, itū.
• Passive: impersonal only: ītur, itum est.

exeō, exīre, exiī, exitum go out

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	exeō	exībam	exībō	exiī	exieram	exierō
2 sg	exīs	exībās	exībis	exīstī	exierās	exieris
3 sg	exit	exībat	exībit	exiit	exierat	exierit
1 pl	exīmus	exībāmus	exībimus	exiimus	exierāmus	exierimus
2 pl	exītis	exībātis	exībitis	exīstis	exierātis	exieritis
3 pl	exeunt	exībant	exībunt	exiērunt	exierant	exierint

• Imperative: exī, exīte. Infinitives: exīre, exīsse, exitūrus esse. Participles: exiēns, exeuntis; future exitūrus.

redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum go back

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	redeō	redībam	redībō	rediī	redieram	redierō
2 sg	redīs	redībās	redībis	redīstī	redierās	redieris
3 sg	redit	redībat	redībit	rediit	redierat	redierit
1 pl	redīmus	redībāmus	redībimus	rediimus	redierāmus	redierimus
2 pl	redītis	redībātis	redībitis	redīstis	redierātis	redieritis
3 pl	redeunt	redībant	redībunt	rediērunt	redierant	redierint

• Imperative: redī, redīte. Infinitives: redīre, redīsse, reditūrus esse. Participles: rediēns, redeuntis; future reditūrus.

trānseō, trānsīre, trānsiī, trānsitum cross

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	trānseō	trānsībam	trānsībō	trānsiī	trānsieram	trānsierō
2 sg	trānsīs	trānsībās	trānsībis	trānsīstī	trānsierās	trānsieris
3 sg	trānsit	trānsībat	trānsībit	trānsiit	trānsierat	trānsierit
1 pl	trānsīmus	trānsībāmus	trānsībimus	trānsiimus	trānsierāmus	trānsierimus
2 pl	trānsītis	trānsībātis	trānsībitis	trānsīstis	trānsierātis	trānsieritis
3 pl	trānseunt	trānsībant	trānsībunt	trānsiērunt	trānsierant	trānsierint

• Imperative: trānsī, trānsīte. Infinitives: trānsīre, trānsīsse, trānsitūrus esse. Participles: trānsiēns, trānseuntis; future trānsitūrus.

Passive of a transitive compound: trānseor

trānseō takes an accusative and has a full passive: trānseor, trānsīrī, trānsitus sum, I am crossed.

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	trānseor	trānsībar	trānsībor	trānsitus sum	trānsitus eram	trānsitus erō
2 sg	trānsīris	trānsībāris	trānsīberis	trānsitus es	trānsitus erās	trānsitus eris
3 sg	trānsītur	trānsībātur	trānsībitur	trānsitus est	trānsitus erat	trānsitus erit
1 pl	trānsīmur	trānsībāmur	trānsībimur	trānsitī sumus	trānsitī erāmus	trānsitī erimus
2 pl	trānsīminī	trānsībāminī	trānsībiminī	trānsitī estis	trānsitī erātis	trānsitī eritis
3 pl	trānseuntur	trānsībantur	trānsībuntur	trānsitī sunt	trānsitī erant	trānsitī erunt

• Imperative: trānsīre, trānsīminī. Infinitives: trānsīrī, trānsitus esse, trānsitum īrī.

Other compounds

abeō, abīre, abiī, abitum (go away), adeō, adīre, adiī, aditum (approach), ineō, inīre, iniī, initum (enter), pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (perish) and subeō, subīre, subiī, subitum (go under, approach) follow eō. nequeō, nequīre, nequīvī (be unable) is conjugated like eō.

Verb ferō and its compounds

Reminder: ferō is a 3rd conjugation verb. The connecting vowel is dropped in fers, fert, fertis, ferre and fer, and in the passive fertur, ferris, ferrī. All other forms are regular.

ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum bring, carry, bear

Active

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	ferō	ferēbam	feram	tulī	tuleram	tulerō
2 sg	fers	ferēbās	ferēs	tulistī	tulerās	tuleris
3 sg	fert	ferēbat	feret	tulit	tulerat	tulerit
1 pl	ferimus	ferēbāmus	ferēmus	tulimus	tulerāmus	tulerimus
2 pl	fertis	ferēbātis	ferētis	tulistis	tulerātis	tuleritis
3 pl	ferunt	ferēbant	ferent	tulērunt	tulerant	tulerint

• Imperative: fer, ferte; future fertō, fertō, fertōte, feruntō.
• Infinitives: ferre, tulisse, lātūrus esse.
• Participles: ferēns, ferentis; future lātūrus.
• Gerund: ferendī, ferendō, ferendum, ferendō. Supine: lātum, lātū.

Passive

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	feror	ferēbar	ferar	lātus sum	lātus eram	lātus erō
2 sg	ferris	ferēbāris	ferēris	lātus es	lātus erās	lātus eris
3 sg	fertur	ferēbātur	ferētur	lātus est	lātus erat	lātus erit
1 pl	ferimur	ferēbāmur	ferēmur	lātī sumus	lātī erāmus	lātī erimus
2 pl	feriminī	ferēbāminī	ferēminī	lātī estis	lātī erātis	lātī eritis
3 pl	feruntur	ferēbantur	ferentur	lātī sunt	lātī erant	lātī erunt

• Imperative: ferre, feriminī.
• Infinitives: ferrī, lātus esse, lātum īrī.
• Participles: lātus, -a, -um; gerundive ferendus, -a, -um.

Compounds

Principal parts	Meaning
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātum	bring to, report
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum	carry off, take away
cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, collātum	bring together, compare
differō, differre, distulī, dīlātum	scatter, put off, differ
efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātum	carry out, raise
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, illātum	bring in, inflict
offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātum	offer, present
referō, referre, rettulī, relātum	bring back, report

The compounds follow ferō in every form: affers, affert, affertis, afferre; attulī, attulistī; the passive affertur, allātus sum.

Verbs volō, nōlō, mālō

Reminder: the present indicative and the present infinitive are irregular. The imperfect (-ēbam), the future (-am, -ēs, -et) and the perfect system (perfect stems volu-, nōlu-, mālu-) are regular. None of the three has a passive.

volō, velle, voluī want

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	volō	volēbam	volam	voluī	volueram	voluerō
2 sg	vīs	volēbās	volēs	voluistī	voluerās	volueris
3 sg	vult	volēbat	volet	voluit	voluerat	voluerit
1 pl	volumus	volēbāmus	volēmus	voluimus	voluerāmus	voluerimus
2 pl	vultis	volēbātis	volētis	voluistis	voluerātis	volueritis
3 pl	volunt	volēbant	volent	voluērunt	voluerant	voluerint

• Imperative: none.
• Infinitives: velle, voluisse.
• Participle: volēns, volentis (willing).

nōlō, nōlle, nōluī be unwilling

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	nōlō	nōlēbam	nōlam	nōluī	nōlueram	nōluerō
2 sg	nōn vīs	nōlēbās	nōlēs	nōluistī	nōluerās	nōlueris
3 sg	nōn vult	nōlēbat	nōlet	nōluit	nōluerat	nōluerit
1 pl	nōlumus	nōlēbāmus	nōlēmus	nōluimus	nōluerāmus	nōluerimus
2 pl	nōn vultis	nōlēbātis	nōlētis	nōluistis	nōluerātis	nōlueritis
3 pl	nōlunt	nōlēbant	nōlent	nōluērunt	nōluerant	nōluerint

• Imperative: nōlī, nōlīte; future nōlītō, nōlītō, nōlītōte, nōluntō. nōlī and nōlīte with an infinitive make a negative command.
• Infinitives: nōlle, nōluisse.
• Participle: nōlēns, nōlentis.

mālō, mālle, māluī prefer

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	mālō	mālēbam	mālam	māluī	mālueram	māluerō
2 sg	māvīs	mālēbās	mālēs	māluistī	māluerās	mālueris
3 sg	māvult	mālēbat	mālet	māluit	māluerat	māluerit
1 pl	mālumus	mālēbāmus	mālēmus	māluimus	māluerāmus	māluerimus
2 pl	māvultis	mālēbātis	mālētis	māluistis	māluerātis	mālueritis
3 pl	mālunt	mālēbant	mālent	māluērunt	māluerant	māluerint

• Imperative: none.
• Infinitives: mālle, māluisse.
• Participle: none.

Verb fīō

Reminder: fīō is the passive of faciō in the present system (present, imperfect, future). It has active endings and a passive meaning. The perfect system is factus sum, from faciō. The ī is long throughout except in fit and fierī.

fīō, fierī, factus sum be made, become, happen

	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1 sg	fīō	fīēbam	fīam	factus sum	factus eram	factus erō
2 sg	fīs	fīēbās	fīēs	factus es	factus erās	factus eris
3 sg	fit	fīēbat	fīet	factus est	factus erat	factus erit
1 pl	fīmus	fīēbāmus	fīēmus	factī sumus	factī erāmus	factī erimus
2 pl	fītis	fīēbātis	fīētis	factī estis	factī erātis	factī eritis
3 pl	fīunt	fīēbant	fīent	factī sunt	factī erant	factī erunt

• Imperative: fī, fīte (rare).
• Infinitives: fierī, factus esse, factum īrī.
• Participles: factus, -a, -um; gerundive faciendus (from faciō). There is no present participle.
• fīmus and fītis are rare.
• Compounds of faciō with a verb or adverb stem keep fīō as the passive: patefīō, patefierī; calefīō, calefierī. Compounds with a preposition have the regular passive (cōnficior).

Subjunctive of the irregular verbs

Reminder: the imperfect is the present infinitive + -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt (essem, possem, īrem, ferrem, vellem, nōllem, māllem), and the perfect and pluperfect are made from the perfect stem as for any regular verb. Only the present subjunctive has special forms. Rules and uses are on the page Subjunctive.

possum, posse, potuī

Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1 sg	possim	possem	potuerim	potuissem
2 sg	possīs	possēs	potuerīs	potuissēs
3 sg	possit	posset	potuerit	potuisset
1 pl	possīmus	possēmus	potuerīmus	potuissēmus
2 pl	possītis	possētis	potuerītis	potuissētis
3 pl	possint	possent	potuerint	potuissent

eō, īre, iī, itum

Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1 sg	eam	īrem	ierim	īssem
2 sg	eās	īrēs	ierīs	īssēs
3 sg	eat	īret	ierit	īsset
1 pl	eāmus	īrēmus	ierīmus	īssēmus
2 pl	eātis	īrētis	ierītis	īssētis
3 pl	eant	īrent	ierint	īssent

The impersonal passive is eātur, īrētur, itum sit, itum esset. The compounds follow eō (exeam, exīrem, exierim, exīssem).

ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum

Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1 sg	feram	ferrem	tulerim	tulissem
2 sg	ferās	ferrēs	tulerīs	tulissēs
3 sg	ferat	ferret	tulerit	tulisset
1 pl	ferāmus	ferrēmus	tulerīmus	tulissēmus
2 pl	ferātis	ferrētis	tulerītis	tulissētis
3 pl	ferant	ferrent	tulerint	tulissent

Passive of ferō:

Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1 sg	ferar	ferrer	lātus sim	lātus essem
2 sg	ferāris	ferrēris	lātus sīs	lātus essēs
3 sg	ferātur	ferrētur	lātus sit	lātus esset
1 pl	ferāmur	ferrēmur	lātī sīmus	lātī essēmus
2 pl	ferāminī	ferrēminī	lātī sītis	lātī essētis
3 pl	ferantur	ferrentur	lātī sint	lātī essent

volō, velle, voluī

Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1 sg	velim	vellem	voluerim	voluissem
2 sg	velīs	vellēs	voluerīs	voluissēs
3 sg	velit	vellet	voluerit	voluisset
1 pl	velīmus	vellēmus	voluerīmus	voluissēmus
2 pl	velītis	vellētis	voluerītis	voluissētis
3 pl	velint	vellent	voluerint	voluissent

nōlō, nōlle, nōluī

Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1 sg	nōlim	nōllem	nōluerim	nōluissem
2 sg	nōlīs	nōllēs	nōluerīs	nōluissēs
3 sg	nōlit	nōllet	nōluerit	nōluisset
1 pl	nōlīmus	nōllēmus	nōluerīmus	nōluissēmus
2 pl	nōlītis	nōllētis	nōluerītis	nōluissētis
3 pl	nōlint	nōllent	nōluerint	nōluissent

mālō, mālle, māluī

Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1 sg	mālim	māllem	māluerim	māluissem
2 sg	mālīs	māllēs	māluerīs	māluissēs
3 sg	mālit	māllet	māluerit	māluisset
1 pl	mālīmus	māllēmus	māluerīmus	māluissēmus
2 pl	mālītis	māllētis	māluerītis	māluissētis
3 pl	mālint	māllent	māluerint	māluissent

fīō, fierī, factus sum

Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect
1 sg	fīam	fierem	factus sim	factus essem
2 sg	fīās	fierēs	factus sīs	factus essēs
3 sg	fīat	fieret	factus sit	factus esset
1 pl	fīāmus	fierēmus	factī sīmus	factī essēmus
2 pl	fīātis	fierētis	factī sītis	factī essētis
3 pl	fīant	fierent	factī sint	factī essent

The compounds of sum follow sum (absim, adsim, praesim), and prōsim, prōdessem keep the -d- before a vowel. The compounds of ferō follow ferō.

Non-finite forms at a glance

	possum	eō	ferō	volō	nōlō	mālō	fīō
Present infinitive	posse	īre	ferre	velle	nōlle	mālle	fierī
Perfect infinitive	potuisse	īsse	tulisse	voluisse	nōluisse	māluisse	factus esse
Future infinitive	—	itūrus esse	lātūrus esse	—	—	—	factum īrī
Imperative	—	ī, īte	fer, ferte	—	nōlī, nōlīte	—	fī, fīte (rare)
Present participle	potēns (adjective)	iēns, euntis	ferēns, ferentis	volēns, volentis	nōlēns, nōlentis	—	—
Future participle	—	itūrus	lātūrus	—	—	—	—
Gerund	—	eundī, eundō, eundum	ferendī, ferendō, ferendum	—	—	—	—
Supine	—	itum, itū	lātum, lātū	—	—	—	—

The forms of sum are esse, fuisse, futūrus esse (or fore).

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